Pasternack Blog

The 5th Generation of Mobile Wireless (5G) has been a hot topic of discussion for the past several years, and is likely about to be a hot economic topic and 5G trials and rollouts begin this year and next year. Most people are familiar with the upgrade from 3G to 4G, and appreciate the ability ..

Effective, or equivalent, isotropically radiated power (EIRP) is a measurement of the optimum power that can be radiated from an antenna from a particular transmitter. Most often conveyed as either decibels (dB), or decibels over isotropic (dBi), EIRP is used to gauge the maximum possible radiation from an RF system, either for standards purposes or ..

Antenna polarization, much like polarization with light, and nothing to do with arctic weather, and everything to do with the transmission and reception of electromagnetic radiation based on its orientation. With light polarization, a film or glass will appear darker, and block, light which is polarized in a certain direction, while allowing correctly polarized light ..

It is no surprise that current and upcoming mobile wireless standards and methods are leveraging multiple technologies to increase the throughput to user equipment (UE) and the availability of high-speed data services. Some of the major challenges to overcome for high speed wireless data to be offered are limited spectrum availability, interference, and the sheer ..

The skin effect and skin depth is a rarely discussed topic, considering as it is an essential phenomenon to be aware of when working with any conductor, or semiconductor, at RF frequencies, or really anything other than DC. Essentially, the skin effect is the term to describe the way current is distributed in a conductor ..

Waveguide interconnect and assemblies are used in a wide variety of microwave and millimeter-wave applications. These applications include military, aerospace, Satcom, radar, microwave/millimeter-wave imaging, industrial heating/cooking, and more. In several of the applications and specific cases, a rigid waveguide assembly, or interconnect routing, must be done in a geometry which would require a waveguide structure ..

A Magic-Tee is a 4-port waveguide structure similar to a rat-race coupler fabricated with striplines or microstrip waveguides. The Magic-Tee, or EH plane Tee, is able to perform an apparently “magical” function, which is to allow for energy going into the E and H plane ports to be divided between the two colinear ports while ..

A quick google search of “frequency bands” will often provide links to radio spectrum, cellular frequencies, spectrum bands, etc. If the searcher is so bold as to click on Wikipedia’s “Radio Spectrum” page, they will likely encounter tables with swaths of the electromagnetic spectrum designated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), IEEE, EU/NATO/US ECM, and ..

There are many types of antennas to serve the various RF, microwave, and millimeter-wave applications. A very common antenna for microwave and millimeter-wave systems are horn antennas, which have been in use since the early 1900s. Horn antennas are essentially rectangular or circular waveguides that reduce the size of a waveguide or coaxial port at ..

RF circulators are three port devices designed to provide isolation between transmit and receive signals for radar, actively electronically steered antenna (AESA) arrays, satellite communications, and telecommunications applications. An isolator is a modified circulator with one port terminated with a matched impedance. Circulators and isolators are typically used to protect sensitive receiver circuitry from high ..